1.  I wrote this article  recently for Retirement Income Journal, an excellent newsletter for financial professionals, published by Kerry Pechter, author of Annuities for Dummies....


    The Academy-Award winning film Life of Pi featured a fantastical story of wild beasts battling amongst themselves while adrift on a lifeboat after their ship goes down in a storm. Today’s politicians, pundits and investment advisors are battling amongst themselves over whether an interest-rate storm is coming, and how to build and stock an appropriate lifeboat for such an event.

    Some argue we should try to stall the storm as long as possible. Times like these, they say, with unemployment high and businesses skittish to invest, call for as loose a monetary policy as possible to keep rates from rising. In The New Yorker last week, James Surowiecki said the broader good of low interest rates clearly trumps the dampening effect of low interest rates on savings accounts, CDs, and savings bonds. His column was entitled, “Shut Up, Savers!”

    Others (name any Republican in Congress or presidential-hopeful) argue that the Federal Reserve’s efforts to keep interest rates low are throwing our seniors to the wolves (or tigers or hyenas), forcing them to accept pitifully low interest rates on their savings, and chewing them up alive (like the meerkats in Life of Pi). Some go so far as to suggest that low rates are forcing seniors back to work, and so stealing employment from the young. We must, for the sake of everyone, they argue, allow interest rates to rise.
    In a recent article in the New York Times (“A Debate in the Open on the Fed,” April 2), it was made clear that even officials within the Federal Reserve don’t agree over how to handle this stormy question of what to do about interest rates.

    Martin Feldstein argued in an April 1 guest column in this publication that regardless of government policies, regardless of what we want to happen, economic forces will eventually force interest rates up. Others, like bond guru Jeffrey Gundlach, have argued that nothing is inevitable—and that interest rates may stay low for a very, very long time.

    This uncertainly has created yet more battles about what to do in the interim, while we’re waiting for interest rates to bolt—or not.

    Some investment advisors say that we can’t sit by and watch inflation consume our savings. We should sift through the world of fixed income offerings, seeking yield in strange and usual places, like floating-rate bonds. Burton Malkiel suggests a good look at emerging-market bonds. Some say we should lower our fixed-income allocations along with our expectations, and beef up our allocations to dividend-paying stocks, and REITS.

    Other notables of the investing world, such as William Bernstein, argue that we should play it safe. He recommends high-quality, short-duration bonds, even if it means losing out to inflation, so that we can stay on top of the water once the waves of higher interest rates start to smack us hard.

    In the Wall Street Journal last week (“Pay Off That Mortgage Now!” April 6), columnist Brett Arends argued that it may not make sense to hold bonds at all. We should trash the bonds and pay off our mortgages, he says. Others have argued strenuously that this is the best time ever to lock in on low-hanging mortgage rates.

    All told, the controversy over what we should do about interest rates, as both a matter of both public policy and as investors, is one of the hottest controversies of the era... and not one to be solved anytime soon. As for as public policy goes, I’m in the let’s-stall-as-much-and-as-long as possible group. As an advisor, I’m trying to delicately balance the advice of both Malkiel and Bernstein by squeezing out a bit of extra yield—just a bit—without taking undue risk. On the debt front, I’m all for taking on long-term mortgages and not liquidating our bonds. It’ll pay in the long-run. Maybe.

    Of course, my story is one of many. As protagonist Pi said at the end of the movie about the wild beasts, many alternative stories can be told about storms and lifeboats and survival. You get to choose the one you prefer.



  2. As often as my Dad, Lawrence R. Wild, would say, “Rich or poor, it’s good to have money,” Raymond J. Lucia Sr., host of a nationally syndicated radio show, author of several books on investing, and popular seminar leader, would refer to “buckets of money.” Well, he hasn’t been chattering about those buckets so much lately. The SEC has filed charges against Mr. Lucia, claiming that the performance numbers he was giving the public for his investment strategies were “misleading.” At the crux of the SEC’s case are Mr. Lucia’s supposed returns that relied on back-tested data and hypothetical performance.

    Goodness, there should be more of these cases.

    Please, please do not jump to invest in any funds, or trust any investment guru, whose performance figures rely on back-testing. Back-testing means that the touted investment strategy hasn’t ACTUALLY earned, say, 12 percent a year for the past 10 years. Back-testing says that IF you had invested in X, Y, and Z…at a certain time and a certain price…and if you had sold X, Y, and Z at a certain time and a certain price, THEN you WOULD have made extraordinary returns… The problem with back-testing is that it often ignores real-world trading costs and fees, not to mention the possibility that you might not have been able to jump into and out of X, Y, and Z at precisely the right moments…  The difference between reality and back-testing can be, and often is, HUGE.

    I bring this up because many of the newer ETFs, especially commodity ETFs (and ETNs), are based on back-testing. Beware. The SEC has not cracked down – in fact, the agency may not take action, because the ETF providers are usually up-front about the nature of their performance figures. But you should always consider back-testing and actual, real-time performance to be as different as, well, rich and poor.




  3. A few weeks ago, Charles Schwab announced, with full-page advertisements in many newspapers, that it was lowering the management fees on its ETFs. In some cases, Schwab’s ETFs are now cheaper than those offered by Vanguard, the industry’s historical price leader. For example, the broad-based Schwab Multi-Cap Core ETF (ticker SCHB) now charges an annual management fee of .04 percent (4 hundredths of 1 percent), as compared to Vanguard’s VTI, which charges .06 percent. On an investment of $50,000, this would mean an extra $10 in your pocket over the course of a year…maybe. While I applaud Schwab for this move, and I do LOVE low costs, the difference in management costs is not enough for me to recommend wholesale swaps of Vanguard’s ETFs for Schwab’s. There are other costs of investing in ETFs (or anything else, for that matter), such as the spread between “bid” and “ask” prices. Given the greater volume – at least for the time being – of Vanguard ETFs over Schwab ETFs, Vanguard gets the nod here. Commissions and, in some cases the tax consequences of a swap, offer more reasons to sit tight. And, of course, all ETFs differ in their construction. Low management fees are great, but they aren’t the only consideration when choosing an ETF.


  4. Hello. It’s been almost a month since my father, Lawrence Wild, passed away.

    I have a few words to share today on the topic of finance, but before I get there, I want to share Lawrence Wild’s favorite saying on the subject…

    Rich or poor, it’s good to have money.

    How true, Dad.


    The State of the Markets

    The stock market has been kind to us lately. Year to date, U.S. stocks are up by about 15 percent, and foreign stocks, about 9.5 percent. Volatility levels have been uncharacteristically high, which is due in part to the uncertainties surrounding the upcoming elections. But the volatility also reflects one aspect of the so-called new normal…computer-generated, high-frequency trading, which is now estimated to account for more than half of the daily trades on the U.S. stock market.

    Should long-term, buy-and-hold investors – especially those who invest mostly in indexed ETFs – be concerned about these swings in the market? Well, we do have less reason to be concerned than most others. Presumably, the prices of stocks, and the ETFs that invest in stocks – in the long-haul – will continue to mirror corporate earnings, as they always have. The daily manipulations of the market shouldn’t affect this equation all that much. But at the same time, volatility eats into returns, and that is not a good thing. (If you don’t believe me, just take $100, subtract 50 percent, and then add 50 percent, and see what you’re left with…)

    Although not a topic of much discussion in the current elections – or in the media in general for that matter – I would like to see our leaders work to discourage rapid-fire trading, and encourage long-term investing. It wouldn't be all that hard. I would recommend a steep capital gains tax for ultra-short-term holdings; a lower capital gains tax for long-term holdings; a significantly lower tax yet for very long-term holdings. As John Bogle has said, the market shouldn't be run by stock "renters," but owners.


  5. Years ago, I dreamed of investing my money – and yours – in socially responsible fashion. I still do. But the realities of the investment marketplace make socially-responsible investing (SRI) difficult, at best.
    One problem is that most SRI funds invest in stocks. And most stock transactions occur on the secondary market. After the initial public offering of stock by a company, people generally don’t buy stock directly from the firm but rather from a third party through an impersonal exchange. In other words, you aren’t really withholding capital from a do-bad company when you buy a fund that avoids do-bad stocks.
    If you wish to extend capital to do-good companies, you run into the same problem. 
    If you want to invest in a company that has the potential to do good or bad, and you wish to use your shareholder votes to influence company management, it makes most sense to invest in the company directly – which, of course, is also problematic if you believe, as I do, that the need for deep diversification makes owning individual stocks generally a poor investment option. If you want to buy a mutual fund that invests in companies that can potentially do good for society, that makes more sense…PROVIDED, of course, the management of the mutual fund is going to go to bat for your interests, both financial and moral. It’s hard enough to find a fund manager who can simply keep up with the performance of the indexes, never mind go to bat for your particular brand of social responsibility.   
    For all of these reasons, it may make more sense, in my mind, to invest your stocks in low-cost, tax-efficient index funds, and to practice SRI more on the bond side of the portfolio. Alas, we encounter there another problem: SRI bond funds generally charge considerably more than other bond funds…and many of the bond holdings are similar, if not the same. In today’s low-low-low-interest rate environment, the difference between paying 0.20 percent and 1.20 percent to a bond-fund manager is likely to make the difference between staying ahead of inflation or falling behind. You do have options, however. Thanks in large part to the prompting of one of my clients, I looked again into the world of fixed-income SRI, and discovered Calvert Community Notes. See the next paragraph for the description I provide in Bond Investing for Dummies, fresh off the press! Please note that I do not invest in Calvert Community Investment Notes myself, as I happen to live in one of four states where the Notes have not yet been approved for sale. If, upon reading the blurb below, and reading the prospectus, you do wish to invest, these notes might reasonably be substituted for short- to intermediate-term corporate bonds that currently might be represented in your portfolio by a fund such as the Vanguard Short-Term Corporate Bond ETF (VCSH) or the Vanguard Short-Term Investment Grade Bond Fund (VFSUX).
    Calvert Foundation Community Investment Notes are sort of like any other individual bonds in the sense that they have a maturity date, pay a steady rate of interest, and can be purchased through many brokers. But the similarity ends there. You select the term -- between 1 and 10 years -- and you select the rate of interest (up to a modest limit). The money you lend goes to fund affordable housing, make small business loans to people who otherwise couldn’t get them, and build community facilities that provide healthcare and education to the underserved. The Calvert Foundation began the project 15 years ago; no investor has yet to lose a dime; and the loans have undoubtedly helped to alleviate poverty worldwide. The notes are available to U.S. residents of all states, with the exceptions of Arkansas, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Washington (subject to change). The sliding rate scale (the less you earn, the more altruistic your investment), purchase instructions, and more information on the various anti-poverty projects funded by the foundation can be found at www.calvertfoundation.org, or by ringing 1-800-248-0337.
    Please note that Calvert Notes are not entirely liquid. Use them as a substitute for short- to-intermediate-term -bonds only in those cases where the bonds are part of your long-term portfolio. In some cases, I’ve recommended the use of these funds as “near-cash” positions – generally for expenditures that you might expect to incur in six months to two years. See my advice about “near-cash” in the recent New York Times article… http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/14/your-money/brokerage-and-bank-accounts/interest-starved-savers-have-some-options.html?_r=1&smid=fb-share


  6.  Perhaps not since Hitler marched into France has Europe received greater attention – or caused greater concern – than today’s debt crisis.

    There is no question that certain nations  – Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece, and Spain (sometimes referred to as the PIIGS) – are facing enormous financial problems, threatening a possible default on those governments’ bonds, and perhaps sharp curtailments in social services. While not a pretty picture, the PIIGS are not the largest economies of Europe. Nor are they representative of Europe. Arguably, Germany, Holland, Sweden, Denmark, and Switzerland are in better financial shape than the United States. Still, uncertainty over the fate of the European Union in its present form has been reflected in European stock prices, which have tumbled over the past months. (Although as I type these words, European stocks are sailing…up about 6 percent today.) We simply don’t know what tomorrow will bring. European stocks may rise or sink over the coming months. My guess – and it’s only a guess – is that prices are more likely to rise than fall. After all, the debt crisis is far from a secret, and it's already amply discounted in today's prices. As always, however, good investing is not based on speculation. A solid portfolio needs to be well diversified…and that means holding European, Asian, emerging-market, and U.S. stocks. If it is time to rebalance your portfolio, your European stock allocation is probably low, and it would be wise to beef that up, as difficult as that may be psychologically.
  7. Bond Fund or Individual Bonds? Don''t be swayed by the argument that individual bonds are safe from interest-rate risk


    There are reasons to buy into a bond funds, and there are reasons to buy individual bonds. For most folks, most of the time, bond funds, chosen wisely, will be the better move. The advent of fixed-income bond funds has brought the price of bond funds down, down, down to the point where the value of the fund's diversification far exceeds the cost of management. But wait! What about interest rates going up in the future...Isn't that going to crush the value of your bond-fund holdings?

    Interest-rate risk – the risk that general interest rates might go up, making the value of your existing bonds (paying what are now no longer competitive rates) go down – can really put a damper on the life of a bond investor. That is especially true in days like these where interest rates are so low, that they can really only move in one direction…up. Sometimes, when people get scared, they get stupid. And stupid is, I’m afraid, the word that comes to mind when I hear the argument – and I’ve heard it A LOT lately, even from people who should know better, that buying individual bonds is a way of avoiding interest-rate risk.

    Here’s how the argument goes: Buy an individual bond;, hold it until maturity, and you will be immune from interest-rate risk. Let those bond fund buyers suffer from depressed prices. You will get your principal back, in full, in 20 (or whatever) years. So the interest rate can go up and down, down and up, and it won’t affect you at all!

    Um…yeah. While this argument is technically true, and I can’t deny it, it is, like the predictability argument, more complex than it first seems. Sure, buy a bond for $1,000 that pays 5 percent for 20 years. Next year, let’s say, interest rates on similar bonds pop to 7 percent. You, goshdarnit, are going to hold that bond for another 19 years. You aren’t going to sell and take a loss like all those idiots who bought into bond funds last year, are you? Well, …that’s your option. But know the cost: For the next 19 years, all things being equal, you will be collecting five percent on your bond investment. Everyone else on the planet, including those fund holders, will be collecting seven percent a year. Sure, you’ll get your $1,000 back eventually. But you ARE taking a loss in the form of locking in at the lower interest rate. And… that loss…, well, I don’t have to tell you,…it could be a very significant one.

  8. Generally, investments that generate income — whether interest, dividends, or capital gains — are best kept in a tax-advantaged retirement account, such as your IRA or 401(k) plan. That would include any bond, REIT, or high-dividend paying mutual fund or exchange-traded fund (ETF). It would also include actively managed funds, especially those with high turnover of securities in the fund. 

    You’ll eventually need to pay income tax on any money you withdraw from those retirement accounts, but it is generally better to pay later than sooner. In the case of a Roth IRA, which is often the best case of all, you will never have to pay taxes on the earnings, the principal, what is in the account, or what you withdraw. Try to put your ETFs or mutual funds that have the greatest potential for growth — REIT ETFs are great candidates — into your Roth IRA.

    Because retirement accounts generally penalize you if you take money out before age 59 1/2, anyone younger than that would want to keep all emergency money in a non-retirement account.

  9. Are ETFs Risky?


    That all depends.

    Some ETFs are way riskier than others. It’s a question of what kind of ETF we’re talking about. Most ETFs track stock indexes, and some of those stock indexes can be extremely volatile, such as individual sectors of the U.S. economy (technology, energy, defense and aerospace, and so on) or the stock markets of emerging-market nations. Other ETFs track broader segments of the U.S. stock market, such as the S&P 500. Those can be volatile, too, but less so. Commodity ETFs can be more jumpy than stocks.

    But other ETFs track bond indexes. Those tend to be considerably less volatile (and less potentially rewarding) than stock ETFs. One ETF (ticker symbol SHY) tracks short-term Treasury bonds, and as such is only a little bit more volatile than a money market fund.

    Many of the newer generation ETFs are leveraged, using borrowed money or financial derivatives to increase volatility (and potential performance). Those leveraged ETFs can be so wildly volatile that you are taking on risk of Las Vegas proportions.

    When putting together a portfolio, a diversity of investments can temper risk. Although it seems freakily paradoxical, you can sometimes add a risky ETF to a portfolio (such as an ETF that tracks the price of a basket of commodities, or the stocks of foreign small companies) and lower your overall risk! How so? If the value of your newly added ETF tends to rise as your other investments fall, that addition will lower the volatility of your entire portfolio. (Financial professionals refer to this strange but sweet phenomenon as modern portfolio theory.)

     Excerpted, with permission, from Bond Investing for Dummies, Second Edition, Copyright (c) 2011, Wiley Publishing, Inc. All rights reserved.
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